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The club has been founded as Erzurum Büyüşehir Belediyespor in 2005. In their inaugural season, club competed at Regional Amateur League and won Group 1 of 2010–11 Turkish Regional Amateur League with 49 points.

Between 2011 and 2016, they played at TFF Third League for 5 consecutive seasons. The club was renamed as Büyükşehir Belediye Erzurumspor in 2014. Club won 2015–16 TFF Third League, collecting 74 points in 36 games, 6 points adrift above Kızılcabölükspor. Promoted to TFF Second League, they competed Group White of 2016–17 season and finished regular season on 3th spot with 61 points. Eliminating Kocaeli Birlikspor, Amed S.K. and Gümüşhanespor respectively at play-offs, they promoted to TFF First League for 2017–18 season.

In 2017–18 season, club eliminated Gazişehir Gaziantep F.K. after the 5–4 final score in play-off final after penalty shoot-outs and promoted to Süper Lig for the first time. They played their first Süper Lig game against Konyaspor on 12 August 2018 at Konya Büyükşehir Stadium where they lost 2–3. Their first goal at Süper Lig level was scored by French defender Leo Schwechlen against Konyaspor. The club could not avoid relegation in their first season at Süper Lig and relegated after sitting at 17th position after 34 weeks, collecting 35 points.

Following season, collected 62 points and achieved the second spot at TFF First League and the club promoted directly Süper Lig together with champion Hatayspor. The club has established their football academy in August 2020.

The club sacked coach Mesut Bakkal after the 1–3 loss against Antalyaspor at week 31 encounter of 2020–21 season, on 21 March 2021. Although the club announced their agreement with İsmail Kartal on 23 March 2021, Kartal resigned his job just 5 days after the employment, during the midseason training camp in Antalya, grounding his reason as "having neither energy, nor motivation", on March 28. The club announced their agreement with Yılmaz Vural, on 29 March 2021.